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In the context of the American Civil War, the border states were slave states that did not secede from the Union (the ones that did so later joined the Confederacy). Four slave states never declared a secession: Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri. Four others did not declare secession until after the Battle of Fort Sumter: Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia—after which, they were less frequently called "border states". Also included as a border state during the war is West Virginia, which broke away from Virginia and became a new state in the Union in 1863.〔Maury Klein, ''Days of Defiance: Sumter, Secession, and the Coming of the Civil War'' (Knopf, 1997) p 22. 〕〔In 1861, "From February into the late spring, North Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, and Arkansas were considered border states" says David Stephen Heidler et al., eds. ''Encyclopedia of the American Civil War'' (2002) p. 252.〕 In the border states there was widespread concern with military coercion of the Confederacy. Many if not a majority were definitely opposed to it. When Abraham Lincoln called for troops to march south to recapture Fort Sumter and other national possessions, southern Unionists were dismayed. Secessionists in Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia were successful in getting those states to secede from the U.S. and to join the Confederate States of America.〔Daniel W. Crofts, ''Reluctant Confederates: Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis'' (1989)〕 In Virginia, Kentucky and Missouri, there were both pro-Confederate and pro-Union governments. West Virginia was formed in 1862-63 after unionists from the northwestern counties of Virginia then occupied by the Union Army had set up a loyalist ("restored") state government of Virginia. Lincoln recognized this government and allowed them to divide the state. Though every slave state except South Carolina contributed white battalions to both the Union and Confederate armies (South Carolina Unionists fought in units from other Union states),〔 〕the split was most severe in these border states. Sometimes men from the same family fought on opposite sides. About 170,000 Border state men (including African Americans) fought in the Union Army and 86,000 in the Confederate Army〔James M. McPherson, ''Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction'' (1982), pp 156–62.〕 Besides formal combat between regular armies, the border region saw large-scale guerrilla warfare and numerous violent raids, feuds, and assassinations.〔Daniel E. Sutherland, ''A Savage Conflict: The Decisive Role of Guerrillas in the American Civil War'' (2009)〕 Violence was especially severe in eastern Kentucky and western Missouri. The single bloodiest episode was the 1863 Lawrence Massacre in Kansas, in which at least 150 civilian men and boys were killed. It was launched in retaliation for an earlier, smaller raid into Missouri by Union men from Kansas.〔Fellman, Michael. ''Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri in the American Civil War.'' (1989) ISBN 0-19-506471-2, p. 25〕〔Thomas Goodrich, ''Bloody Dawn: The Story of the Lawrence Massacre'' (1992)〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Lawrence Massacre by a Band of Missouri Ruffians Under Quantrell )〕 With geographic, social, political, and economic connections to both the North and the South, the border states were critical to the outcome of the war. They are considered still to delineate the cultural border that separates the North from the South. Reconstruction, as directed by Congress, did not apply to the border states because they never seceded from the Union. They did undergo their own process of readjustment and political realignment after passage of amendments abolishing slavery and granting citizenship and the right to vote to freedmen. After 1880 most of these jurisdictions were dominated by white Democrats, who passed laws to impose the Jim Crow system of legal segregation and second-class citizenship for blacks, although the freedmen and other blacks were allowed to continue to vote.〔Mary L. Hart, Charles Reagan Wilson, William Ferris and Ann J. Adadie, eds. ''Encyclopedia of Southern Culture,'' (1989). ISBN 0-8078-1823-2〕 Lincoln's 1863 Emancipation Proclamation did not apply to the border states. Of the states that were exempted from the Proclamation, Maryland (1864),〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Archives of Maryland Historical List: Constitutional Convention, 1864 ) 〕 Missouri (1865),〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Missouri abolishes slavery ) 〕 Tennessee (1865), and West Virginia (1865)〔 〕 abolished slavery before the war ended. However, Delaware〔 〕 and Kentucky did not abolish slavery until December 1865, when the Thirteenth Amendment was ratified.〔 In 1866, Kentucky refused to ratify the 13th Amendment. It did ratify it in 1976.〕 ==Background== In the Border states, slavery was already dying out in urban areas and the regions without cotton, especially in cities that were rapidly industrializing, such as Baltimore, Louisville, and St. Louis. By 1860, more than half of the African Americans in Delaware were free, as were a high proportion in Maryland.〔In nine of the ten chief southern cities, the proportion of slaves steadily declined before the war. The exception was Richmond, Virginia. Midori Takagi, ''"Rearing Wolves to Our Own Destruction": Slavery in Richmond, Virginia, 1782-1865'' (University Press of Virginia, 1999) p 78.〕 Some slaveholders made a profit by selling surplus slaves to traders for transport to the markets of the Deep South, where the demand was still high for field hands on cotton plantations.〔Allan Nevins, ''The Emergence of Lincoln: Prologue to Civil War, 1859-1861'' (1950) pages 149–55〕 In contrast to the unanimity of the seven cotton states in the lower South, which held the highest number of slaves, the border slave states were bitterly divided about secession and were not eager to leave the Union. Border Unionists hoped that a compromise would be reached and they assumed that Lincoln would not send troops to attack the South. Border secessionists paid less attention to the slavery issue in 1861, since their states' economies were based more on trade with the North than on cotton. Their main concern in 1861 was federal coercion; some residents viewed Lincoln's call to arms as a repudiation of the American traditions of states rights, democracy, liberty, and a republican form of government. Secessionists insisted that Washington had usurped illegitimate powers in defiance of the Constitution, and thereby had lost its legitimacy.〔 After Lincoln issued a call for troops, Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North Carolina promptly seceded and joined the Confederacy. A secession movement began in western Virginia, where most farmers were yeomen and not slaveholders, to break away and remain in the Union.〔Allan Nevins, ''The Emergence of Lincoln: Prologue to Civil War, 1859–1861'' (1950), pp. 119–47〕 Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri, which had many areas with much stronger cultural and economic ties to the South than the North, were deeply divided; Kentucky tried to maintain neutrality. Union military forces were used to guarantee that these states remained in the Union. The western counties of Virginia rejected secession, set up a loyal government of Virginia (with representation in the U.S. Congress), and created the new state of West Virginia (although it included many counties which had voted for secession).〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Border states (American Civil War)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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